Medically reviewed by L. Anderson, PharmD Last updated on Apr 24, 2018.

Common or street names: Crystal meth, Crank, Meth, Ice, Glass, Fire, Crypto, Chalk

What is methamphetamine (speed)?

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Speed (methamphetamine, C₁₀H₁₅N) is a potent and addictive central nervous system stimulant, chemically related to amphetamine, but with greater central nervous system side effects. It is a white, odorless, bitter-tasting powder that easily dissolves in water or alcohol. Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II stimulant by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), which means it has a high potential for abuse and is available legally only by prescription. Methamphetamine, when abused, is commonly referred to as “speed”, “meth”, or “chalk” and has been in use since the early 1960s. When abused, methamphetamine is usually smoked, snorted, injected, or taken orally.

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• Along with the 2.4 kilograms of cocaine, police also recovered 7.7 kilograms of buffing agent worth about $16,000 and close to 27 grams of crack cocaine from the home in the York neighbourhood in.

Medically, methamphetamine has been used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but these uses are limited in the U.S. due to the high potential for abuse and diversion. Prescription doses are typically much lower than those used illegally. In the U.S., methamphetamine is available by prescription as the brand name product Desoxyn or generically.

Methamphetamine is cheap and easy to make from common ingredients. Most of the illegal methamphetamine in the U.S. comes from foreign or domestic superlabs, although small batches may be made in residencies or other clandestine buildings called “meth labs”, often using the cold decongestant pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrine can only be purchased from behind the pharmacy counter now in the U.S., and in limited quantities. This law is enforced to help curb abuse and keep a record of the purchaser.

How is speed abused?

Methamphetamine (speed) may be abused by inhaling or smoking, swallowing, snorting through the nose, or by injection. Another common form of the drug is crystal methamphetamine, or “crystal meth”, which is clear, chunky crystals resembling ice. Crystal meth is smoked in a manner similar to crack cocaine and became popular in the 1980s. Street names for this form of methamphetamine include “ice”, “crystal”, “crank”, and “glass”.

What are the effects of speed?

Immediately after smoking or intravenous (IV) injection, the user experiences an intense sensation, often called a 'rush', which lasts only a few minutes and is described as extremely pleasurable. Oral or intranasal use produces euphoria or high, but not a rush. Snorting methamphetamine will lead to effects within 3 to 5 minutes, whereas oral ingestion takes 15 to 20 minutes.

Common, immediate effects of methamphetamine abuse include:

• increased activity and body temperature
• wakefulness
• talkativeness
• faster breathing
• increased concentration
• decreased appetite
• elevated blood pressure
• rapid heart rate
• increased libido (sex drive)
• a sense of well-being.

Some users become addicted quickly, and abuse it with increasing frequency and doses. As the pleasurable effects of methamphetamine disappear, abusers may use more and more drug to get the same effect. Using methamphetamine many times over a period of several days, usually without food or sleep, is often called a “run”.

Is speed addicting?

Yes, methamphetamine (speed) is extremely addicting. Withdrawal from methamphetamine produces:

• severe depression
• anxiety
• fatigue
• psychosis
• intense cravings for the drug.

The health hazards from chronic use of methamphetamine appear to be at least partially reversible. Recovery of dopamine transporter activity has been shown on brain neuro-imaging studies after roughly 2 years. Motor skills and verbal memory tests showed some recovery, but not all changes have been shown to reverse over time.

How do you treat a speed addiction?

Behavioral therapy remains the most effective treatment for methamphetamine abuse and addiction, at this time. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), the combination of behavioral therapy and family education, counseling and 12-step support, drug testing and positive reinforcement for non-drug related activities has been shown to be effective.

There are no specific medications approved for use in methamphetamine addiction. The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) reports that clinical studies are ongoing looking at medications or vaccine use for treatment of methamphetamine addiction. In addition, bupropion (Wellbutrin), approved for use in depression, has been shown to reduce low-to-moderate methamphetamine cravings, in combination with behavioral group therapy. Bupropion's proposed mechanism in methamphetamine dependence by inhibiting the re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine.

What are the side effects with speed?

Methamphetamine is a stimulant. Methamphetamine use:

• increases heart rate
• increases blood pressure
• elevates body temperature
• quickens the breathing rate
• dilates the pupils.

Other side effects include temporary hyperactivity, insomnia, anorexia and tremors. High doses or chronic use have been associated with increased nervousness, irritability, paranoia, confusion, anxiety and aggressiveness, all typical side effects expected from a high-dose stimulant.

Methamphetamine can cause irreversible damage to blood vessels in the brain, leading to a stroke. Death can result from hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), convulsions and cardiovascular collapse.

Chronic, high-dose methamphetamine abusers are susceptible to violent and erratic behavior, hallucinations, and a psychosis similar to schizophrenia. Psychotic episodes may recur for months or years after methamphetamine abuse has stopped. The neurotoxic effect of methamphetamine causes damage to brain cells that contain dopamine. Over time, reduced levels of dopamine can result in symptoms like those of Parkinson's disease, a severe movement disorder.

Other adverse health effects that may occur due to speed abuse include memory loss, severe dental problems (often called “meth mouth”, where the users' teeth rot from the inside out), weight loss, and malnutrition.

The injecting drug user is at risk for transmitting or acquiring HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis B or C if needles or other injection equipment are shared.

Can you overdose on speed?

Yes, an overdose is possible with methamphetamine abuse. An overdose can occur due to high doses or a serious reaction that leads to death.

Death due to a methamphetamine overdose can be caused by:

• stroke
• heart attack
• organ problems, such as with the kidney

How does methamphetamine affect the brain?

Similar to cocaine, methamphetamine blocks the re-uptake of dopamine. Methamphetamine releases high levels of the brain chemical dopamine, which stimulates brain cells, enhancing mood and body movement. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter used for body movement, motivation, pleasure, and reward. A 'rush' of dopamine release in the brain due to methamphetamine abuse leads to the intense high and continued reuse of 'speed' that can lead to addiction.

Methamphetamine also increases levels of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine, other brain chemicals. Methamphetamine can easily cross into the brain. Methamphetamine is able to penetrate the central nervous system more readily than amphetamine, making it a more potent and longer-lasting stimulant. However, amphetamine is also an active metabolite of methamphetamine, peaking in blood levels in roughly 12 hours.

Oral methamphetamine has a half-life of roughly 4 to 5 hours. Metabolism occurs in the liver, and excretion occurs primarily in the urine and is pH dependent. Approximately 62% of an oral dose is eliminated in the urine within the first 24 hours, with about one-third as intact drug and the remainder as metabolites.

Is speed use in pregnancy dangerous?

Methamphetamine use in pregnancy is of concern. There is limited knowledge of the fetal effects of methamphetamine abuse. Limited human studies have shown increased rates of premature delivery, low birth weight, placental abruption, fetal growth retardation, heart and brain abnormalities, and withdrawal symptoms. Research is continuing to assess the effect of methamphetamine use on social interactions, cognition and medical health in children exposed to methamphetamine in utero. Animal studies have shown birth defects and embryo death when high doses.

Infants born to mothers who are addicted to methamphetamine may experience symptoms of withdrawal as demonstrated by agitation and significant weakness. Additionally, amphetamines are excreted in human milk, and mothers who taking amphetamines should be advised to refrain from breast feeding.

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See Also

Sources

• Curtin K, Fleckenstein AE, Robison RJ, at al. Methamphetamine/amphetamine abuse and risk of Parkinson’s disease in Utah: a population-based assessment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;146:30-38. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.027.
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Methamphetamine Research Report. Accessed April 23, 2018 at https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-methamphetamine
• Partnership for Drug-Free Kids. Methamphetamine (Meth). Accessed April 23, 2018 at https://drugfree.org/drug/methamphetamine-meth/
• Drugs.com. Methamphetamine. Accessed April 24, 2018 at https://www.drugs.com/methamphetamine.html
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Methamphetamine Drug Facts. February 8, 2017. Accessed April 24, 2018 at https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine
• Drugs.com. Methamphetamine. Accessed April 24, 2018 at https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/methamphetamine.html
• Elkashef A, Rawson A, Anderson E, et al., 2007. Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33(5): 1162-70. 33(5): 1162-70.

Further information

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Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. Generally, recreational drugs are in three categories: depressants (drugs that induce a feeling of relaxation and calm); stimulants (drugs that induce a sense of energy and alertness); and hallucinogens (drugs that induce perceptual distortions such as hallucination). Many people also use prescribed and illegal opioids along with opiates and benzodiazepines. In popular practice, recreational drug use generally is a tolerated social behaviour, rather than perceived as the serious medical condition of self-medication^{[citation needed]}. However, heavy use of some drugs is socially stigmatized.

Recreational drugs include alcohol (as found in beer, wine, and distilled spirits); cannabis (legal nationally in certain countries and state/province-wide or locally in others) and hashish; nicotine (tobacco); caffeine (coffee, tea, and soft drinks); prescription drugs; and the controlled substances listed as illegal drugs in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) of the United Nations. What controlled substances are considered illegal drugs varies by country, but usually includes methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, MDMA and club drugs. In 2015, it was estimated that about 5% of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once (158 million to 351 million).^[1]

• 1Reasons for use
• 2Risks
• 4Demographics
• 8Types
  • 8.1Depressants

Reasons for use[edit]

Many researchers have explored the etiology of recreational drug use. Some of the most common theories are: genetics, personality type, psychological problems, self-medication, gender, age, instant gratification, basic human need, curiosity, rebelliousness, a sense of belonging to a group, family and attachment issues, history of trauma, failure at school or work, socioeconomic stressors, peer pressure, juvenile delinquency, availability, historical factors, or sociocultural influences.^[3] There has not been agreement around any one single cause. Instead, experts tend to apply the biopsychosocial model. Any number of these factors are likely to influence an individual's drug use as they are not mutually exclusive.^[3][4] Regardless of genetics, mental health or traumatic experiences, social factors play a large role in exposure to and availability of certain types of drugs and patterns of drug use.^[3]

According to addiction researcher Martin A. Plant, many people go through a period of self-redefinition before initiating recreational drug use. They tend to view using drugs as part of a general lifestyle that involves belonging to a subculture that they associate with heightened status and the challenging of social norms. Plant says, “From the user's point of view there are many positive reasons to become part of the milieu of drug taking. The reasons for drug use appear to have as much to do with needs for friendship, pleasure and status as they do with unhappiness or poverty. Becoming a drug taker, to many people, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience.”^[3]

Evolution[edit]

Anthropological research has suggested that humans 'may have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins'. The ability to use botanical chemicals to serve the function of endogenousneurotransmitters may have improved survival rates, conferring an evolutionary advantage. A typically restrictive prehistoric diet may have emphasised the apparent benefit of consuming psychoactive drugs, which had themselves evolved to imitate neurotransmitters.^[5] Chemical–ecological adaptations, and the genetics of hepaticenzymes, particularly cytochromeP450, have led researchers to propose that 'humans have shared a co-evolutionary relationship with psychotropic plant substances that is millions of years old.'^[6]

Risks[edit]

Severity and type of risks that come with recreational drug use vary widely with the drug in question and the amount being used. There are many factors in the environment and within the user that interact with each drug differently. Overall, some studies suggest that alcohol is one of the most dangerous of all recreational drugs; only heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamines are judged to be more harmful. However, studies which focus on a moderate level of alcohol consumption have concluded that there can be substantial health benefits from its use, such as decreased risk of cardiac disease, stroke and cognitive decline.^{[8][9][10][11]} This claim has been disputed. Researcher David Nutt stated that these studies showing benefits for 'moderate' alcohol consumption lacked control for the variable of what the subjects were drinking, beforehand.^[12] Experts in the UK have suggested that some drugs that may be causing less harm, to fewer users (although they are also used less frequently in the first place), include cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, and ecstasy. These drugs are not without their own particular risks.^[13]

Responsible use[edit]

The concept of 'responsible drug use' is that a person can use drugs recreationally or otherwise with reduced or eliminated risk of negatively affecting other aspects of one's life or other people's lives. Advocates of this philosophy point to the many well-known artists and intellectuals who have used drugs, experimentally or otherwise, with few detrimental effects on their lives. Responsible drug use becomes problematic only when the use of the substance significantly interferes with the user's daily life.

Responsible drug use advocates that users should not take drugs at the same time as activities such as driving, swimming, operating machinery, or other activities that are unsafe without a sober state. Responsible drug use is emphasized as a primary prevention technique in harm-reduction drug policies. Harm-reduction policies were popularized in the late 1980s, although they began in the 1970s counter-culture, when cartoons explaining responsible drug use and the consequences of irresponsible drug use were distributed to users.^[14] Another issue is that the illegality of drugs in itself also causes social and economic consequences for those using them—the drugs may be 'cut' with adulterants and the purity varies wildly, making overdoses more likely—and legalization of drug production and distribution would reduce these and other dangers of illegal drug use.^[15] Harm reduction seeks to minimize the harm that can occur through the use of various drugs, whether legal (e.g., alcohol and nicotine), or illegal (e.g., heroin and cocaine). For example, people who inject illicit drugs can minimize harm to both themselves and members of the community through proper injecting technique, using new needles and syringes each time, and proper disposal of all injecting equipment.

Prevention[edit]

In efforts to curtail recreational drug use, governments worldwide introduced several laws prohibiting the possession of almost all varieties of recreational drugs during the 20th century. The West's 'War on Drugs' however, is now facing increasing criticism. Evidence is insufficient to tell if behavioral interventions help prevent recreational drug use in children.^[16]

One in four adolescents has used an illegal drug and one in ten of those adolescents who need addiction treatment get some type of care.^[17] School-based programs are the most commonly used method for drug use education despite the success rates of these intervention programs this success is highly dependent on the commitment of participants.

Demographics[edit]

Australia[edit]

Alcohol is the most widely used drug in Australia.^[20] 86.2% of Australians aged 12 years and over have consumed alcohol at least once in their lifetime, compared to 34.8% of Australians aged 12 years and over who have used cannabis at least once in their lifetime.^[20]

United States[edit]

In the 1960s, the number of Americans who had tried cannabis at least once increased over twentyfold.^{[citation needed]} In 1969, the FBI reported that between the years 1966 and 1968, the number of arrests for marijuana possession, which had been outlawed throughout the United States under Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, had increased by 98%.^[21] Despite acknowledgement that drug use was greatly growing among America's youth during the late 1960s, surveys have suggested that only as much as 4% of the American population had ever smoked marijuana by 1969.^[22] By 1972, however, that number would increase to 12%.^[22] That number would then double by 1977.^[22]

The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified marijuana along with heroin and LSD as a Schedule I drug, i.e., having the relatively highest abuse potential and no accepted medical use.^[23] Most marijuana at that time came from Mexico, but in 1975 the Mexican government agreed to eradicate the crop by spraying it with the herbicide paraquat, raising fears of toxic side effects.^[23] Colombia then became the main supplier.^[23] The 'zero tolerance' climate of the Reagan and Bush administrations (1981–93) resulted in passage of strict laws and mandatory sentences for possession of marijuana and in heightened vigilance against smuggling at the southern borders.^{[citation needed]} The 'war on drugs' thus brought with it a shift from reliance on imported supplies to domestic cultivation (particularly in Hawaii and California).^[23] Beginning in 1982, the Drug Enforcement Administration turned increased attention to marijuana farms in the United States,^[23] and there was a shift to the indoor growing of plants specially developed for small size and high yield.^[23] After over a decade of decreasing use, marijuana smoking began an upward trend once more in the early 1990s,^[23] especially among teenagers,^[23] but by the end of the decade this upswing had leveled off well below former peaks of use.^[23]

Society and culture[edit]

Many movements and organizations are advocating for or against the liberalization of the use of recreational drugs, notably cannabis legalization. Subcultures have emerged among users of recreational drugs, as well as among those who abstain from them, such as teetotalism and 'straight edge'.

The prevalence of recreational drugs in human societies is widely reflected in fiction, entertainment, and the arts, subject to prevailing laws and social conventions. In video games, for example, enemies are often drug dealers, a narrative device that justifies the player killing them. Other games portray drugs as a kind of 'power-up'; their effect is often unrealistically conveyed by making the screen wobble and blur.^[24]

Common recreational drugs[edit]

The following substances are used recreationally:^[25]

• Alcohol: Most drinking alcohol is ethanol, CH
  ₃CH
  ₂OH. Drinking alcohol creates intoxication, relaxation and lowered inhibitions. It is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts to create wine, beer, and distilled liquor (e.g., vodka, rum, gin, etc.). In most areas of the world, it is legal for those over a certain age (18 in most countries). It is an IARC 'Group 1' carcinogen and a teratogen.^[26] Alcohol withdrawal can be life-threatening.^[27]
• Amphetamines: Used recreationally to provide alertness and a sense of energy. Prescribed for ADHD, narcolepsy, depression and weight loss. A potent central nervous systemstimulant, in the 1940s and 50s methamphetamine was used by Axis and Allied troops in World War II, and, later on, other armies, and by Japanese factory workers. It increases muscle strength and fatigue resistance and improves reaction time.^[28] Methamphetamine use can be neurotoxic, which means it damages dopamine neurons.^[29] As a result of this brain damage, chronic use can lead to post acute withdrawal syndrome.^[30]
• Caffeine: Often found in coffee, black tea, energy drinks, some soft drinks (e.g., Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Mountain Dew, among others), and chocolate. It is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug, it has no dependence liability.
• Cannabis: Its common forms include marijuana and hashish, which are smoked or eaten. It contains at least 85 cannabinoids. The primary psychoactive component is THC, which mimics the neurotransmitter anandamide, named after the Hinduananda, 'joy, bliss, delight'.
• Cocaine: It is available as a white powder, which is insufflated ('sniffed' into the nostrils) or converted into a solution with water and injected. A popular derivative, crack cocaine is typically smoked. When transformed into its freebase form, crack, the cocaine vapour may be inhaled directly. This is thought to increase bioavailability, but has also been found to be toxic, due to the production of methylecgonidine during pyrolysis.^[31][32][33]
• MDMA: Commonly known as ecstasy, it is a common club drug in the rave scene.
• Electronic cigarette: A large proportion of e-cigarette use is recreational.^[34] Most e-cigarette liquids contain nicotine, but the level of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers.^[35] Nicotine is highly addictive,^[36][37][38] comparable to heroin or cocaine.^[39] E-cigarettes are being used to inhale MDMA, cocaine powder, crack cocaine, synthetic cathinones, mephedrone, α-PVP, synthetic cannabinoids, opioids, heroin, fentanyl, tryptamines, and ketamine.^[40]
• Ketamine: An anesthetic used legally by paramedics and doctors in emergency situations for its dissociative and analgesic qualities and illegally in the club drug scene.
• Lean: A liquid drug made when mixing cough syrup, sweets, soft drinks and codeine. It originated in the 1990s in Houston. Ever since then, this drug usage has grown and many people use this at parties becoming popular at the rave scene. Many people would get a drowsy feeling when consuming this drug.
• LSD: A popular ergoline derivative, that was first synthesized in 1938 by Hofmann. However, he failed to notice its psychedelic potential until 1943.^[41] In the 1950s, it was used in psychological therapy, and, covertly, by the CIA in Project MKULTRA, in which the drug was administered to unwitting US and Canadian citizens. It played a central role in 1960s 'counter-culture', and was banned in October 1968 by US President Lyndon B Johnson.^[42][43]
• Nitrous oxide: legally used by dentists as an anxiolytic and anaesthetic, it is also used recreationally by users who obtain it from whipped cream canisters (whippets or whip-its) (see inhalant), as it causes perceptual effects, a 'high' and at higher doses, hallucinations.
• Opiates and opioids: Available by prescription for pain relief. Commonly abused opioids include oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, fentanyl, heroin, and morphine. Opioids have a high potential for addiction and have the ability to induce severe physical withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of frequent use. Heroin can be smoked, insufflated or turned into a solution with water and injected.
• Psilocybin mushrooms: This hallucinogenic drug was an important drug in the psychedelic scene. Until 1963, when it was chemically analysed by Albert Hofmann, it was completely unknown to modern science that Psilocybe semilanceata ('Liberty Cap', common throughout Europe) contains psilocybin, a hallucinogen previously identified only in species native to Mexico, Asia, and North America.^[44]
• Tobacco: Nicotiana tabacum. Nicotine is the key drug contained in tobacco leaves, which are either smoked, chewed or snuffed. It contains nicotine, which crosses the blood–brain barrier in 10–20 seconds. It mimics the action of the neurotransmitteracetylcholine at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain and the neuromuscular junction. The neuronal forms of the receptor are present both post-synaptically (involved in classical neurotransmission) and pre-synaptically, where they can influence the release of multiple neurotransmitters.^[45]
• Tranquilizers: barbiturates, benzodiazepines (commonly prescribed for anxiety disorders; known to cause dementia and post acute withdrawal syndrome)
• 'Bath salts': this is the street name for Mephedrone/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
• DMT – primary ingredient in ayahuasca, can also be smoked in a crack pipe; briefly (c. 30 minutes) causes a 'total loss of connection to external reality'^[46]
• Peyote: This hallucinogen contains mescaline, native to southwestern Texas and Mexico
• Salvia divinorum: This hallucinogenic Mexican herb in the mint family; not considered recreational, most likely due to the nature of the hallucinations (legal in some jurisdictions)
• Synthetic cannabis: 'Spice', 'K2', JWH-018, AM-2201
• Research chemicals: 2C variants, etc.

Routes of administration[edit]

Drugs often associated with a particular route of administration. Many drugs can be consumed in more than one way. For example, marijuana can be swallowed like food or smoked, and cocaine can be 'sniffed' in the nostrils, injected, or, with various modifications, smoked.

• inhalation: all intoxicative inhalants (see below) that are gases or solvent vapours that are inhaled through the trachea, as the name suggests
• insufflation: also known as 'sniffing', or 'snorting', this method involves the user placing a powder in the nostrils and breathing in through the nose, so that the drug is absorbed by the mucous membranes. Drugs that are 'sniffed', or 'snorted', include powdered amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, ketamine and MDMA. Additionally, snuff tobacco
• intravenous injection (see also the article Drug injection): the user injects a solution of water and the drug into a vein, or less commonly, into the tissue. Drugs that are injected include morphine and heroin, less commonly other opioids. Stimulants like cocaine or methamphetamine may also be injected. In rare cases, users inject other drugs.
• oral intake: caffeine, ethanol, cannabis edibles, psilocybin mushrooms, coca tea, poppy tea, laudanum, GHB, ecstasy pills with MDMA or various other substances (mainly stimulants and psychedelics), prescription and over-the-counter drugs (ADHD and narcolepsy medications, benzodiazepines, anxiolytics, sedatives, cough suppressants, morphine, codeine, opioids and others)
• sublingual: substances diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue. Many psychoactive drugs can be or have been specifically designed for sublingual administration, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines,^[47]opioidanalgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, LSD blotters, coca leaves, some hallucinogens. This route of administration is activated when chewing some forms of smokeless tobacco (e.g. dipping tobacco, snus).
• intrarectal: administering into the rectum, most water-soluble drugs can be used this way
• smoking (see also the section below): tobacco, cannabis, opium, crystal meth, phencyclidine, crack cocaine and heroin (diamorphine as freebase) known as chasing the dragon
• transdermal patches with prescription drugs: e.g. methylphenidate (Daytrana) and fentanyl

Many drugs are taken through various routes. Intravenous route is the most efficient, but also one of the most dangerous. Nasal, rectal, inhalation and smoking are safer. The oral route is one of the safest and most comfortable, but of little bioavailability.

Types[edit]

Depressants[edit]

Depressants are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind.^[48] Colloquially, depressants are known as 'downers', and users generally take them to feel more relaxed and less tense. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances. When these are used, effects may include anxiolysis (reduction of anxiety), analgesia (pain relief), sedation, somnolence, cognitive/memory impairment, dissociation, muscle relaxation, lowered blood pressure/heart rate, respiratory depression, anesthesia, and anticonvulsant effects. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA or opioid activity, and inhibition of adrenergic, histamine or acetylcholine activity. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of euphoria (a happy sensation). The most widely used depressant by far is alcohol.

Stimulants or 'uppers', such as amphetamines or cocaine, which increase mental or physical function, have an opposite effect to depressants.

Antihistamines[edit]

Antihistamines (or 'histamine antagonists') inhibit the release or action of histamine. 'Antihistamine' can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but the term is usually reserved for the classical antihistamines that act upon the H₁ histamine receptor. Antihistamines are used as treatment for allergies. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to allergens, such as the pollen released by grasses and trees. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their anticholinergic properties, that induce anxiolysis and, in some cases such as diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, and orphenadrine, a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses. High dosages taken to induce recreational drug effects may lead to overdoses. Antihistamines are also consumed in combination with alcohol, particularly by youth who find it hard to obtain alcohol. The combination of the two drugs can cause intoxication with lower alcohol doses.

Hallucinations and possibly delirium resembling the effects of Datura stramonium can result if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutical dosages. Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores (without a prescription), in the form of allergy medication and some cough medicines. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol.The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to stretch out and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are hydroxyzine, mainly to stretch out a supply of other drugs, as in medical use, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-class first-generation antihistamines, which are – once again as in the 1950s – the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties.

For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is also seen.

Analgesics[edit]

Analgesics (also known as 'painkillers') are used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). The word analgesic derives from Greek 'αν-' (an-, 'without') and 'άλγος' (álgos, 'pain'). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (para-acetylaminophenol, also known in the US as acetaminophen), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as hydrocodone, codeine, heroin and oxycodone. Some further examples of the brand nameprescriptionopiates and opioid analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone).

Tranquilizers[edit]

Tranquilizers (GABAergics):

• Ethanol (drinking alcohol; ethyl alcohol)
• Others
  • carisoprodol (Soma)
  • ethchlorvynol (Placidyl; 'jelly-bellies')
  • gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, a prodrug to GHB)
  • gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; G; Xyrem; 'Liquid Ecstasy', 'Fantasy')
  • glutethimide (Doriden)
  • kava (from Piper methysticum; contains kavalactones)
  • meprobamate (Miltown)
  • methaqualone (Sopor, Mandrax; 'Quaaludes')
  • propofol (Diprivan)
  • theanine (found in Camellia sinensis, the tea plant)
  • valerian (from Valeriana officinalis)

Stimulants[edit]

Stimulants, also known as 'psychostimulants',^[49] induce euphoria with improvements in mental and physical function, such as enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. Due to their effects typically having an 'up' quality to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as 'uppers'. Depressants or 'downers', which decrease mental or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites.

Stimulants enhance the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects may include increased alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and a diminished desire for food and sleep.

Use of stimulants may cause the body to significantly reduce its production of natural body chemicals that fulfill similar functions. Once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and miserable. This is referred to as a 'crash', and may provoke reuse of the stimulant.

Examples include:

• Sympathomimetics (catecholaminergics)—e.g. amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
• Entactogens (serotonergics, primarily phenethylamines)—e.g. MDMA
• Eugeroics, e.g. modafinil
• Others
  • arecoline (found in Areca catechu)
  • caffeine (found in Coffea spp.)
  • nicotine (found in Nicotiana spp.)
  • rauwolscine (found in Rauvolfia serpentina)
  • yohimbine (Procomil; a tryptamine alkaloid found in Pausinystalia johimbe)

Euphoriants[edit]

• Alcohol: 'Euphoria, the feeling of well-being, has been reported during the early (10–15 min) phase of alcohol consumption' (e.g., beer, wine or spirits)^[50]
• Catnip: Catnip contains a sedative known as nepetalactone that activates opioid receptors. In cats it elicits sniffing, licking, chewing, head shaking, rolling, and rubbing which are indicators of pleasure. In humans, however, catnip does not act as a euphoriant.^[51]
• Cannabis: Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive ingredient in this plant, can have sedative and euphoric properties.
• Stimulants: 'Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by excessive talking and garrulous behaviour), and anorexia. The amphetamines are the best known drugs in this category...'^[52]
• MDMA: The 'euphoriant drugs such as MDMA ('ecstasy') and MDEA ('eve')' are popular among young adults.^[53] MDMA 'users experience short-term feelings of euphoria, rushes of energy and increased tactility.'^[54]
• Opium: This 'drug derived from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy…produces drowsiness and euphoria and reduces pain. Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives.'^[55]

Hallucinogens[edit]

Hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. They can cause subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as stimulants and opioids, hallucinogens do not merely amplify familiar states of mind but also induce experiences that differ from those of ordinary consciousness, often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, conversion experiences, and dreams.

Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants have a long worldwide history of use within medicinal and religious traditions. They are used in shamanic forms of ritual healing and divination, in initiation rites, and in the religious rituals of syncretistic movements such as União do Vegetal, Santo Daime, Temple of the True Inner Light, and the Native American Church. When used in religious practice, psychedelic drugs, as well as other substances like tobacco, are referred to as entheogens.

Starting in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have been the object of extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, and opioid addiction. Yet the most popular, and at the same time most stigmatized, use of psychedelics in Western culture has been associated with the search for direct religious experience, enhanced creativity, personal development, and 'mind expansion'. The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s counterculture, where it became associated with various social movements and a general atmosphere of rebellion and strife between generations.

• Deliriants
  • atropine (alkaloid found in plants of the Solanaceae family, including datura, deadly nightshade, henbane and mandrake)
  • dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, an antihistamine)
  • diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol)
  • hyoscyamine (alkaloid also found in the Solanaceae)
  • hyoscine hydrobromide (another Solanaceae alkaloid)
  • myristicin (found in Myristica fragrans ('Nutmeg'))
  • ibotenic acid (found in Amanita muscaria ('Fly Agaric'); prodrug to muscimol)
  • muscimol (also found in Amanita muscaria, a GABAergic)
• Dissociatives
  • dextromethorphan (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; 'Dex', 'Robo', 'Cough Syrup', 'DXM')
    • 'Triple C's, Coricidin, Skittles' refer to a potentially fatal formulation containing both dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine.
  • ketamine (K; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest; 'Ket', 'Kit Kat', 'Special-K', 'Vitamin K', 'Jet Fuel', 'Horse Tranquilizer')
  • methoxetamine (Mex, Mket, Mexi)
  • phencyclidine (PCP; Sernyl; 'Angel Dust', 'Rocket Fuel', 'Sherm', 'Killer Weed', 'Super Grass')
  • nitrous oxide (N₂O; 'NOS', 'Laughing Gas', 'Whippets', 'Balloons')
• Psychedelics
  • Phenethylamines
    • 2C-B ('Nexus', 'Venus', 'Eros', 'Bees')
    • 2C-E ('Eternity', 'Hummingbird')
    • 2C-I ('Infinity')
    • 2C-T-2 ('Rosy')
    • 2C-T-7 ('Blue Mystic', 'Lucky 7')
    • DOM ('Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace' ('STP'))
    • MDMA ('Ecstasy', 'E', 'Molly', 'Mandy', 'MD', 'Crystal Love')
    • mescaline (found in peyote, Peruvian torch cactus and San Pedro cactus)
  • Tryptamines (including ergolines and lysergamides)
    • 5-MeO-DiPT ('Foxy', 'Foxy Methoxy')
    • 5-MeO-DMT (found in various plants like chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo)
    • alpha-methyltryptamine (αMT; Indopan; 'Spirals')
    • bufotenin (secreted by Bufo alvarius, also found in various Amanita mushrooms)
    • N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT; DMT; 'Dimitri', 'Disneyland', 'Spice'; found in large amounts in Psychotria and in D. cabrerana)
    • lysergic acid amide (LSA; ergine; found in morning glory and Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds)
    • lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; L; Delysid; 'Acid', 'Sid'. 'Cid', 'Lucy', 'Sidney', 'Blotters', 'Droppers', 'Sugar Cubes')
    • psilocin (found in psilocybin mushrooms)
    • psilocybin (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin)
    • ibogaine (found in Tabernanthe iboga ('Iboga'))
• Atypicals
  • salvinorin A (found in Salvia divinorum, a trans-neoclerodane diterpenoid ('Diviner's Sage', 'Lady Salvia', 'Salvinorin'))

Inhalants[edit]

Inhalants are gases, aerosols, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some 'inhalant' drugs are used for medical purposes, as in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic solvents (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and nail polish removers), fuels (gasoline (petrol) and kerosene), and propellant gases such as Freon and compressed hydrofluorocarbons that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics (ether and nitrous oxide) and volatile anti-angina drugs (alkyl nitrites).

The most serious inhalant abuse occurs among children and teens who '[...] live on the streets completely without family ties'.^[56] Inhalant users inhale vapor or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinations, depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products that they are inhaling. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence. Computer cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale, because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed. In some cases, users have died from hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest,^[57] or aspiration of vomit.

Examples include:

• Ethane and ethylene
• Laughing gas (nitrous oxide)
• Poppers (alkyl nitrites)
• Solvents and propellants (including propane, butane, freon, gasoline, kerosene, toluene) and the fumes of glues containing them

List of drugs which can be smoked[edit]

Plants:

• datura and other Solanaceae (formerly smoked to treat asthma)
• possibly other plants (see the section below)

Substances (also not necessarily psychoactive plants soaked with them):

• black tar heroin
• phencyclidine (PCP)
• synthetic cannabinoids (see also: synthetic cannabis)
• dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
• many others, including some prescription drugs

List of psychoactive plants, fungi and animals[edit]

Minimally psychoactive plants which contain mainly caffeine and theobromine:

• tea (caffeine in tea is sometimes called theine) – also contains theanine
• guarana (caffeine in guarana is sometimes called guaranine)
• yerba mate (caffeine in yerba mate is sometimes called mateine)

Most known psychoactive plants:

• cannabis: cannabinoids
• tobacco: nicotine and beta-carbolinealkaloids
• coca: cocaine
• opium poppy: morphine, codeine and other opiates
• salvia divinorum: salvinorin A
• khat: cathine and cathinone
• kava: kavalactones
• nutmeg: myristicin

Solanaceae plants—contain atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine

• deadly nightshade atropa belladona
• mandrake (Mandragora)
• other Solanaceae

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Cacti with mescaline:

Other plants:

• kratom: mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, raubasine and corynantheidine
• ephedra: ephedrine
• valerian: valerian (the chemical with the same name)
• various plants like chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo – 5-MeO-DMT
• Morning glory and Hawaiian Baby Woodrose – lysergic acid amide (LSA, ergine)
• Tabernanthe iboga ('Iboga')—ibogaine
• Areca catechu (see: betel and paan)—arecoline
• Rauvolfia serpentina: rauwolscine
• yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe): yohimbine, corynantheidine
• probably many others

Fungi:

• psilocybin mushrooms: psilocybin and psilocin
• various Amanita mushrooms: muscimol
• Amanita muscaria: ibotenic acid and muscimol
• Claviceps purpurea and other Clavicipitaceae: ergotamine (not psychoactive itself but used in synthesis of LSD)

Psychoactive animals:

• psychoactive toads: bufotenin, Bufo alvarius (Colorado River toad or Sonoran Desert toad) also contains 5-MeO-DMT

Gallery[edit]

• Martini, a popular cocktail, containing alcohol a common depressant

• Cappuccino, a coffeedrink containing caffeine a popular stimulant

• Dried Cannabis flowers, containing THC and other cannabinoids known as cannabis.

• A lit cigarette, containing tobacco, which contains nicotine.

• A pile of cocaine hydrochloride

• Alprazolam (Xanax) is a short-acting benzodiazepine.

• Tablets containing MDMA, widely known as 'ecstasy'

• 'Pink elephant' blotters containing LSD

• Preparing diacetylmorphine for injection, commonly known as heroin

• Homeless children from Keningau, in Borneo, sniffing glue from a plastic bag

• Crack cocaine in the form of 'rocks' a freebase version of cocaine

• Poppers, a slang term for alkyl nitrites that are inhaled

• Amphetamine is typically prescribed as amphetamine mixed salts commonly known as Adderall

• Psilocybe semilanceata, a type of psilocybin mushrooms

• Opium poppy seed pods exuding latex

• Methamphetamine in crystal form

• Salvia divinorum extract, mainly containing salvinorin A

• Coca tea, consumed as a stimulant

• Man in Yemen selling khat, an amphetamine-like stimulant^[58]

• DXM, a cough medicine which acts as a dissociativehallucinogen in large doses.

• Peyote cactuses containing psychoactivealkaloids, particularly mescaline

• Ayahuasca, a decoction prepared with Banisteriopsis caapi

• Ketamine hydrochloride crystals

• DMT in a zipper storage bag

• 25I-NBOMe sold in blotters is often assumed to be LSD

• Bromazepam, a benzodiazepine drug

• Whippets containing nitrous oxide, commonly known as 'laughing gas'

• Women selling and chewing Areca nut, a common recreational drug in Southeast Asia and the Oceanic

• Ingredients common in the production of Paan, widely consumed throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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